## Sums and Products with Exponents

Powers and roots can be distributed over products and quotients.  They may not be distributed over sums or differences, no matter how tempting it may be. Sums or differences raised to a power must be used as a factor the indicated number of times, then multiplied using the distributive property.

An exponent applies only to the factor immediately below it unless parentheses have been used to indicate otherwise.

“Like terms” have the same variables, to the same powers… and only “like” terms may be combined by adding their coefficients.

The answer shown below is wrong.  Try working your way through the problem backwards, from the answer up. As you find each mistake, try to identify the thinking behind it… what perspective led to the mistake? What should have been done instead?

$(f-g^2)^2-fg^2-(-fg)^2-f^2$

$=f^2-g^4-fg^2-(-fg)^2-f^2$

$=f^2-g^4-f^2g^2-(-fg)^2-f^2$

$=f^2-g^4-f^2g^2+fg^2-f^2$

$=-g^4$

.

..

Hint 1: The correct answer to the problem on the first line above is: $g^4-3fg^2-f^2g^2$

Hint 2: The work shown above contains sign errors, simplification errors, and exponentiation errors. Re-read the text at the top of the posting if you have not found them all…

## Negative Signs and Fractions

Negative signs bother many students, particularly when they are followed by fractions. In such situations, it is important to remember that the vinculum (the horizontal line between numerator and denominator) serves as a grouping symbol – like parentheses would. I recommend that students always put a numerator with more than one term in parentheses before bringing a leading negative sign into the numerator.

The answer shown below is wrong.  Try working your way through the problem backwards, from the answer up. As you find each mistake, try to identify the thinking behind it… what perspective led to the mistake? What should have been done instead?

$\dfrac{2-w}{3}-\dfrac{2w-5}{2}$

$=\dfrac{2-w}{3}\cdot\dfrac{2}{2}-\dfrac{2w-5}{2}$

$=\dfrac{2(2-w)}{6}+\dfrac{-2w-5}{6}$

$=\dfrac{4-w-2w-5}{6}$

$=\dfrac{-1-3w}{6}$

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..

Hint 1: the correct answer to the original problem is: $\dfrac{-8w+19}{6}$

Hint 2: several mistakes have been made in the work above – they are not all sign or distribution errors

## Negative Signs and Parentheses

The distributive property is a source of many mistakes in algebra. When a negative sign, multiplication, or division is next to a set of parentheses, everything inside the parentheses will be affected.

Negative signs in particular bother many students. The most reliable approach is probably to rewrite subtraction as the addition of a negative, then distribute the negative sign to all terms inside the parentheses.

The answer shown below is wrong.  Try working your way through the problem backwards, from the answer up. As you find each mistake, try to identify the thinking behind it… what perspective led to the mistake? What should have been done instead?

$(1-d+e)-(2d-3e+4)-(-4e+3d-2)$

$=(1-d+e)-(-2d+3e-4)+(4e-3d-2)$\$

$=1-d+e+2d-3e+4+4e-3d-2$

$=-d+2d-3d+e-3e+4e+1+4-2$

$=-6d+2e+3$

.

..

Hint 1: the correct answer to the original problem is: $8e-6d-1$

Hint 2: a number of mistakes have been made in the work above – they are not all sign errors. Identify all of the errors made at each step and the likely reasons they were made before solving the problem correctly yourself.